Red Bull Marketing Plan - 7856 Words

How Red Bull woke up the teen market It looks (and tastes) like medicine, but it still conquered the soft drinks trade. Now the edgy pick-me-up is moving into the grown-up world of motor racing. John Arlidge reports reddit this John Arlidge The Observer, Sunday 5 December 2004 Article history At this time of year fallen leaves shroud the carefully planned suburbs of Milton Keynes. Mist drifts in from the fields. The posh car firms - Mercedes, Volkswagen, Audi - whose UK head offices ring the Buckinghamshire town are gearing down for the winter. But last week the end-of-year gloom was lifted by the arrival of a most unlikely new inhabitant. A bronzed and energetic Austrian, who has made a billion-pound fortune selling a drink†¦show more content†¦The health and energy drinks market is the fastest-growing sector of the burgeoning soft drinks market, doubling in size every year to reach  £1.5bn last year. Red Bull is the market leader and its revenues rose 10 per cent to  £1bn last year, on sales of 1.5bn cans. Vodka and Red Bull is still the most popular alcoholic drink for under-20s. The pick-me-up s anti-brand brand status explains its rapid success, argues Nirmalya Kumar, senior analyst at the London Business School. Red Bull has never done anything in a conventional way. It has not used normal advertising, nor marketing. When it sponsors events or sports, it tends to go for minority ones. While the no-logo generation is happy, the premium price on cans - more than  £1, compared with 50p for Coke or Pepsi - has kept the money flowing in to the firm s Alpine HQ. But what is an irreverent Austrian doing in one of Britain s newest towns and why is he spending a fortune buying his way into a big-brand sport in crisis? Frustrated by the dominance of business interests over sport and the continued dominance of Ferrari, some of the big F1 teams are threatening to leave the F1 circus and form a new competition. Some observers say Red Bull is keeping pace with its core market as it gets older. Formula One has the kind of dangerous, edgy, masculine image that suits Red Bull, says Richard Hall, chairman of the drinks consultancy Zenith International. The early adopters who made it whatShow MoreRelatedRed Bull Marketing Plan2846 Words   |  12 PagesRed Bull Marketing Plan Introduction Red Bull, the iconic pioneer of the late 20th century energy drink movement, is enormously successful and popular. Everyone has had days where a cup of coffee seems woefully inadequate, and beverages such as Red Bull â€Å"give you wings†, as their slogan promises, and offer a refreshing lift to help people conquer their overfilled schedules and endless meetings. However, with only one flavor and a seemingly narrow target demographic, is Red Bull really capitalizingRead MoreRed Bull Marketing Plan1809 Words   |  8 Pages 2 Executive Summary 2 Current Marketing Situation 2 Market Description 2 Benefits and Product features 2 Product Review 2 Competitive Review 3 Distribution Review 3 SWOT Analysis 3 Strengths 3 Weaknesses 3 Opportunities 3 Threats 3 Objective and Issues 4 Objectives 4 Issues 4 Marketing Strategy 4 Positioning 4 ProductRead MoreRed Bull s Marketing Plan1079 Words   |  5 Pagesworld of Red Bull, a world where anything is possible through high levels of caffeine consumption. Don’t believe wingsuiting down a mountain, parkouring the Grand Canyon or breaking the speed of sound while freefalling from the stratosphere is plausible? If rational and conventional thinking dictates everyday life then the answer is simply no. Although Red Bull strives to genuinely identify with consumers, the company endorses an idealistic world. The main focus of Red Bull’s marketing plan revolvesRead MoreMarketing Plan For Red Bull Gmbh3864 Words   |  16 PagesMARKETING PLAN: RED BULL Company Red Bull GmbH Brand/Product/Service: Red Bull Prepared by: Group 5A Anoop Kamboj I Deepak Tamak I Harshraj Pethraj Mehta I Amit Simant I Ranjit Kaur Chandel OVERVIEW Red Bull was introduced for the first time in 1987 by Dietrich Mateschitz in Austria. The launch of Red Bull gave birth to a whole new product category of energy drinks. It is sold in over 166 countries all over the world, and more than 40 billion cans have been sold till now. It uses the famousRead MoreDirect Marketing with Red Bull!1369 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction How should Red Bull market its brand in the future? I think, although Red Bull has been extremely successful in the past, times have changed and the company and products should change with it, otherwise we probably lose market share to the tremendous increased number of competitors in no time.At the height of early mornings and late nights, Red Bull energy drink became the fuel of choice for people from all walks of life. So how is Red Bull marketing its brand to meet the changing needsRead MoreRed Bull Company Analysis1061 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Analysis Red Bull is an energy drink sold by Austrian company Red Bull GmbH, created in 1987. Red Bull is the most popular energy drink in the world, with 4.5 billion cans sold each year. Austrian entrepreneur Dietrich Mateschitz founded   Red Bull GmbH in a partnership with Chaleo Yoovidhya. After the product was introduced the consumption doubled year by year in Austria, so the company decided to introduce Red Bull in first foreign  markets. Those markets includedRead MoreRed Bulls Market1604 Words   |  7 PagesA Bull s Market - the marketing of Red Bull energy drink Red Bull, Austria s biggest export since Arnold Schwarzenegger, has methodically created and dominated the energy drink category much in the way players of the board game Risk would defeat their opponents. Dietrich Mateschitz, the owner of Red Bull International, created the highly caffeinated beverage in 1987. Five years later, the drink spread into neighboring countries like Hungary and Slovenia, followed by Germany and Switzerland.Read MoreRed Bull993 Words   |  4 PagesRed bull is the worlds oldest and most successful energy drink brands. In 1966, Red Bull was born in Thailand as a kind of vitamin energy drink, and then Austrian entrepreneur  Dietrich Mateschitz  was inspired by this pre-existing energy drink and took this idea, modified the ingredients to suit the tastes of westerners. Now it has more than 40 years of history so far with excellent quality and good reputation, Red Bull drinks are sold in more than 140 countries and regions around the world, rankRead MoreRe dbull Branding Strategy1207 Words   |  5 Pagestowards the purchase of intended products. Market segmentation is the basis for marketing strategy development. A company needs to design the right strategies to develop the relationships between its products to right consumers. Case section In terms of Red bull, the demographic and psychographic segmentation strategies are applied in their product design and branding approach. A key component of Red Bull’s global success is that it takes social variables into account on a global scaleRead MoreRed Bull: the Drink for Generation Y970 Words   |  4 Pages1. What is the marketing mix for Red Bull? What markets does Red Bull attempt to reach? How do marketing mix elements and target markets combine to form the firm’s marketing strategy? The marketing mix for Red Bull consists of the following: Product: Energy drink Price: $1.99 (premium) Distribution: Across clubs and similar outlets, mass merchandisers Marketing Communication: Word-of-mouth to television advertising Red Bull attempts to reach extremists, sports enthusiasts

Theme Of Equality In The Kite Runner - 822 Words

Equality is something we humans crave for when we are in a time of hardship. When we are being discriminated against, we feel the utmost pain and the need for freedom. Discrimination has lingered since the beginning of time, and ending it is impracticable. A French novelist, Honore de Balzac proclaims, â€Å"Equality may perhaps be a right, but no power on earth can ever turn it into a fact.† Here, Balzac is acknowledging that an individual is born a free man and is just as equal as any other man. But, an individual will never be fully equal as they desire. Some parts of society will try to act superior to a certain quality of someone’s life, like their race, religion, culture, etc. This statement proves to be valid in Khaled Hosseini’s novel,†¦show more content†¦This exhibits the Pashtun beliefs towards Hazaras; they were just scum. Hazaras would be constantly pushed out of the involvement of the Pashtuns even in circumstances of true love. In life, o ne has the right to love, but it’s never a fact that people will agree with your choosing. Just because Homaira was a Hazara, she could never see Rahim Kahn again, because of Pashtun belief. Through the history pertaining to Pashtun-Hazara relationships full equality isn’t obtainable in the novel because of religious discriminators. In addition, equality is difficult to find in the novel through gender discrimination. Women have very different roles in Afghanistan society and are treated unlike those in America. In Afghanistan, there are arranged marriages, which are forced marriages usually done upon the father of the bride. Women are unable to marry who they truly love, unless they get lucky. Unfortunately, that isn’t the case for Sanaubar, Ali’s wife. Ali and Sanaubar are, â€Å"First cousin[s] and therefore [he is] a natural choice for a spouse† (8). This reveals that Sanaubar, nineteen, was forced into a relationship with Ali and that womenâ⠂¬â„¢s roles are different from those of men. Women don’t get the firsthand choice on who they marry. Therefore, It wouldn’t be fair for women to marry the person they didn’tShow MoreRelatedThe Kite Runner By Marjane Satrapi1110 Words   |  5 Pagesparts of the world where women are stripped of their basic human rights, forcing women to fight for equality. Marjane Satrapi, author of Persepolis, depicts the political turmoil in Iran by including the degrading rights of women. In places where Islamic extremism exists, the strict fundamentalism affect the rights and societal views of women (Bobic et al., 4-8). Khaled Hosseini, author of The Kite Runner, tells the story of a Pashtun boy and the consequences of extremism in Afghanistan, such as racismRead MoreThe Importance Of Father Son Relationship In The Kite Runner1335 Words   |  6 PagesThis quote contributes to the understanding of one of the many themes of The Kite Runner, which is the importance of a fat her-son relationship. Amir desperately tries to understand his father because he feels that he does not reach Baba’s high expectations, which he conveys by saying that he may â€Å"disappoint him again.† So, this drives him to want to do anything to make Baba proud. However, he even fails to understand his father’s one main principle: theft is sin. As a result of the confusion betweenRead MoreKhaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner1679 Words   |  7 PagesHosseini s homeland was the inspiration for his novel, The Kite Runner, which gave his readers a taste of what Afghanistan was before the brutal invasions of the Taliban. He spent his early childhood living in Tehran, Iran, where he befriended his family s cook. The unexpected friendship between a young Afghan and a member of the Hazara ethnic group exposed Hosseini to the acts of injustice against minority groups in Afghanistan, a major theme in his writing (Bloom). Khaled s works are centeredRead MoreThe Kite Runner and the Caste System Essay1844 Words   |  8 Pagesplays an important role throughout the Kite Runner. The book sates that there needs to be an order of the people to make sense of things worthwhile. The two boys try to defy that the caste system is nothing more than a state of mind. The Afghan people feel alienated from their own history because of the caste system. Kite fighting is a perfect example of the caste system. One has the fighter who attacks other kites, and the runner who chases he fallen kites. Hassan who is a Shia while Amir isRead MoreBlindness : The Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison1413 Words   |  6 Pagesis found in works of literature such as The Kite Runner. In the novel, Assef is blinded in one eye by Sohrab. This symbolizes how Assef is blind to the pain that he caused to Sohrab. Even Though Assef remains a racist for the remainder of his life, at the end he realizes that the one who blinded him is the only one that knows what is right in the world. The Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison explores the images of blindness and sight to enhance the theme of perception in the novel. The author uses theRead MoreKite Runner Social Divisions1512 Words   |  7 PagesJoel Huff Period 2 November 19, 2010 Social Divisions Two main themes in the novel The Kite Runner are that of social class and gender roles. Everywhere that Amir, the main protagonist, turns, society is divided. From his earliest childhood memories to living in America, there always seems to be some sort of invisible line drawn between his people. There is separation between the Pashtuns and the Hazaras, between Americans and Afghans, between men and women, and between the Talibs and the peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseini And E. Hosseini1727 Words   |  7 PagesEquality for all genders should be a prominent quality in every country around the world. However, in Afghanistan, this is not the case. Afghanistan was a country that faced a long and hard war. Constant fighting existed in this country for many years. However, war took its biggest toll on females in Afghanistan. They were allowed to be treated like slaves, commanded and abused. Strict laws were set against them and men had complete dominance over them, they were p owerless in the community. FromRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages Literature b. History c. Mathematics d. Universal language 11. Businesses a. Business morality b. Charities as businesses 12. Democracy a. Good vs. Bad 13. Social Issues (only stats provided) a. Gender b. Family c. Equality 14. Governance a. World Governance 15. Others a. Cooperation b. Education c. Crime d. Liberty or Security e. Consumerism 1. Media 1a. New vs. Traditional GENERAL Intro: †¢ The first quarter of 2043 will be when the last newspapersRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesCreative Style Assessment 226 Scoring Key 226 Comparison Data 226 SKILL PRACTICE Applying Conceptual Blockbusting 227 Observer’s Feedback Form 227 Answer to Matchstick Problem in Figure 3.4 229 Answer to Shakespeare Riddle in Figure 3.5 229 Some Common Themes Applying to Water and Finance 229 Answer to Name That Ship Problem in Figure 3.6 230 Answer to Nine-Dot Problem in Figure 3.7 230 Answer to Embedded Pattern Problem in Figure 3.8 231 PART II 4 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 232 233 BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS

The Role Of Women In The Emancipation Of The Slaves

The role that women played in the emancipation of the slaves. During the 1830s through the emancipation of the slaves, women spoke about their views about slavery. While their views are not shared by all it does give a very different view of how women thoughts and actions help to bring about the emancipation. Women played an important role in the emancipation of the slaves in ways such as working on the Underground Railway, training the children that would grow into the men and women that would continue the cause of emancipation, and by publishing their observations, thoughts, and opinions on the rights and treatment of slaves. Some of the notable women who played a role include Harriet Tubman, The Grimke sisters, Quaker women, and†¦show more content†¦This book is filled with images of pain and suffering, here’s an example that Angelina Grimke gave of an African-American slave girl â€Å"One poor girl, [who was] said they are to be flogged, and who was accordingly stripped naked and whipped, showed me the deep gashes on her ba ck- I might have laid my whole finger in them- large pieces of flesh had actually been cut out by the torturing lash.† (Henretta,331) In the early 1830s, women abolitionists formed their own anti-slave societies such as the Anti-Slavery Convictions of American Women, a network of local societies that help to raise money for the Liberator an anti-slavery newspaper. Women also carried the abolitionist s movement to farm villages and small towns of the Midwest while collecting signatures on the anti-slavery petitions. This move came in response to a recommendation from a national convention held in Philadelphia in 1830 that recommended that the activists legal means to â€Å"break the shackles of slavery†. (Henretta, 328) Quaker mothers also helped the cause of emancipation by publishing an A, B, C primer in 1846 that taught children using a slave alphabet to spread the word about anti-slavery. They did this because they feared that it was going to be a long drawn out process to the emancipation of the slaves. (Henretta, 330) How this alphabet work was that each letter wasShow MoreRelatedFrederick Douglass : An Unfortunate Time1697 Words   |  7 Pagesan unfortunate time period, considering he was born a slave. He was born in a town of Maryland entitled Talbot County. What is surprising about Douglass is the fact that historians do not know the exact year and date he was born, even Frederick does not know his own birthday. Later in Douglass’s life, he was sent to a home of Hugh Auld in Baltimore. This is where the master’s wife, Sophia, taught Douglass how to read and write, which most slaves were denied this privilege. Even after Douglass’s masterRead MoreFreedom, Liberty, And Democracy1025 Words   |  5 Pagesshould embrace black emancipation. Moses Sash and other African Americans refused to accept white authority, and kept the dream of freedom alive. In the North, most states ended slavery between 1777 and 1784. Although a majority of northern whites agreed that slavery was unable to match with the revolutions commitment to natural rights and human freedom, they refused to sanction a sudden emancipation. The laws ending slavery in the northern states only allowed children of slaves to be freed when theyRead MoreThe Civil War Was A Troubling Time For America864 Words   |  4 Pagesfreed the slaves, the human cost of the survivors, the staggering number of deaths and the lack of progress to equality makes The Civil War a depressing waste of life and industry Some politicians saw the futility of trying to solve the slavery issue by forcing the emancipation of slaves. Samuel S Cox, a congressman from Ohio did not believe that freeing the slaves made sense. He stated that African American’s would either be accepted into society in a forced way or that former slaves would continueRead MoreThe Abolition Of The Civil War1679 Words   |  7 Pagesexpansion, and slavery had impelled the Civil War. By the end of war, the Civil War had proved to be the most disastrous war known to American existence. During war, antislavery movements had transpired, as abolitionists strived to develop the emancipation of slaves and became ambitious to prohibit intolerance and prejudice.During the 1830s, abolitionists and advocates of antislavery had strongly aspired to develop the abolishment and prohibition of slavery. As the struggle for abolition and antislaveryRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Nineteenth Century Essay1682 Words   |  7 PagesWhen people t oday consider the lives of the slaves of the nineteenth century it is likely that their thoughts would be focused on stereotypical southern plantation slaves. This picture is not all encompassing, however. Slave experiences differed across the south as well as between the north and south and produced a variety of different experiences. Sojourner Truth was born with the name Isabella Baumfree as a slave in upper New York. Truth was sold between a variety of masters, separated from herRead MoreStanding Solider, Kneeling Slaves By Kirk Savage Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesIn the book â€Å"Standing solider, kneeling slaves† by Kirk Savage, Savage goes on to discussing periods before the civil war and after civil. He discusses the issue of inequality, race, and class through the use of the monument and sculptures that were being built during this time. On the other hand Bellamy’s book â€Å"Looking Backwards† proposes the idea of a Utopian society where everyone i s equal and works for one sole employer; the nation. I will be discussing how Bellamy’s principles on labor wouldRead More Slave Trade in 1807 Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pageswere in contributing to the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, and the eventual abolition of slavery in 1833, this assignment will consider moral, political,economic and religious factors which culminated into these two distinct reforms. It will explore the influence of Enlightenment; the impact of non-conformists; the role of individuals and resistance from slaves themselves. Additionally, it will look at the attitudes concerning the Atlantic slave trade and slavery from different perspectivesRead MoreLiberty Was Not Absolute For Anyone In The Beginning Stages1215 Words   |  5 PagesLiberty was not absolute for anyone in the beginning stages of America. An anonymous author wrote, â€Å"God gave mankind freedom by nature and made every man equal to his neighbor.† Unfortunately, for the Afric an American slaves, women and the Native Americans, freedom was hard to obtain until the American Revolution changed the principals of independence. African Americans have an extraordinary past that includes the lifestyles before slavery, during slavery, and the beginning of the abolition andRead MoreThe American Abolitionists Book Review Essay1214 Words   |  5 Pagesadvocated for equal rights for all African Americans in the United States. Harrold mainly focuses his book on the abolitionist movement and the effect of slaves on its expansion. The book uncovers how abolitionist fought for the end of slavery and how they contributed to the coming of the Civil War. Abolitionist movements led to the emancipation of slaves and put an end to racial discrimination and segregation in the United States. Harrold presents the themes of feminism, black abolitionists and anti-slaveryRead MoreThe Declaration Of Sentiments And The Declaration Of Independence1020 Words   |  5 Pagesand they cover the same concepts but it is directed toward women wanting their rights. For instance, the Declaration of Independence states, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal (Declaration of Independence). This statement from the Declaration of Independence shows that they wanted freedom, and they thought that all men were created equal. The Declaration of Independence never says anything about women being equal, and that is exactly what the Declaration of

Evolution Of A Large Mammal s Life Cycles - 1081 Words

Fossils are considered to be evolutionary markers that records a lineages of creatures across time — providing a distinct way to compare different species. When Darwin set forth on a journey to the Galapagos Islands, he discovered many aspects of evolution. During his expedition, he discovered the fossils of creatures which closely resembled the modern armadillos. At that time, Darwin did not possess any tools or resources to predict the phylogenetic lineages and the evolutionary history of the armadillos. However, using modern day science and techniques like DNA and protein sequencing, it is now possible to better understand the relationships between different organisms. Furthermore, by observing the early developmental (embryonic) stages of a large mammal’s life cycles it is possible to indicate the relationship of the mammals with other mammals6. The combination of these methods may lead us to determine the phylogenetic position of armadillos Dasypodidae and other r elated organisms, such as anteaters and sloths. Armadillos’ evolutionary history has been a subject of many controversies and has been revised multiple times. Nevertheless, new developments in sequencing have allowed us to better understand the evolutionary relations using the DNA and proteins found in the fossils. By the use of these techniques, we are able to see the points of similarities among different species of armadillos. Furthermore, we can produce a phylogenetic tree to see the divergence ofShow MoreRelated Animal Testing and Researching Essay1035 Words   |  5 PagesResearching Animal testing is supported by some, but opposed to others. The growing number of animals used in research differs among the different countries. The fruit fly and nematode are the most used animal in testing. However, the most common mammals used in animal research are mice and rats. Shaved albino rabbits and guinea pigs suffer severe testing for skin irritancy and eye irritancy. Though the usage of non-human primates are outlawed in some countries, the U.S. still finds the need to useRead MoreEvolution And Evolution Of Evolution1514 Words   |  7 PagesEvolution is defined as a genetic change in population or species over generations. Evolution by natural selection is a very important concept in biology since it lays the foundation of evolutionary thought of how organisms have developed gradually over a long period of time. The ideas of evolution were not accepted until Charles Darwin published his book â€Å"On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection† in 1859 . Before the evolutionary thought, people believed that all organisms were createdRead MoreIntroduction to Evolution3680 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction To Evolution What is Evolution? Evolution is the process by which all living things have developed from primitive organisms through changes occurring over billions of years, a process that includes all animals and plants. Exactly how evolution occurs is still a matter of debate, but there are many different theories and that it occurs is a scientific fact. Biologists agree that all living things come through a long history of changes shaped by physical and chemical processes thatRead MoreThe Sixth Extinction Reflection1065 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironmental health. Basically, the author handled its large, weighty ideas by comparing the current environmental issues with the past five major episodes of mass extinction. Nowadays, the world’s undergoing a sixth mass extinction period, with humans as the driving factor. In short, industrialization and globalization have ushered in a new epoch in Earth s history. People are significantly altering the Earth’s land, ocean, atmosphere, and life in a way that â€Å"no other creature has ever managed.† ARead MoreEssay about Creation vs Evolution2018 Words   |  9 Pagescreated by God during his creation of the universe. This is the idea of creationism. It is supported by many religious people. Creationism is supported by religion. The second way that humans could have originated is through a process called evolution. Evolution is a theory proposed by scientists to explain the origin of a ll species. Because both explanations are theories, neither can be proven right or wrong. To make a decision on which theory is correct, people must choose either religion or scienceRead MoreGuinea Grass And The Mango Tree1627 Words   |  7 PagesCape buffalo are massive creatures; they weigh one ton and stand five feet above the ground (Estes). A Cape buffalo’s diet consists of grass and other vegetation; therefore, they are herbivores. Cape buffalo belong to the genus Syncerus and species S. caffer. The Cape buffalo contributes to the ecosystem by consuming grasses and then converting them into decomposable excrement. The Cape buffalo also servers as potential food for secondary consumers and tertiary consumers. Consumers are vital to anRead MorePredator - Prey Relationships4420 Words   |  18 Pagesdifferent relationships between predator and prey; focusing on the symbiotic relations between organisms, the wide range of defense mechanisms that are utilized by various examples of prey, and the influence between predators and prey concerning evolution and population structure. Symbiosis is the interaction between organisms forming a long term relationship with each other. Many organisms become dependent on others and they need one another or one needs the other to survive. Symbiotic interactionsRead MoreDynamic Biological Processes Influence Pop, Density, Dispersion, And Demographics1863 Words   |  8 Pagesfavor germination growth Mushrooms, may be clumped within on top of a rotting log Insects salamanders may be clumped under same log because of the higher humidity there May also be associated with mating behavior Mayflies often swarm in great #s, a behavior that increase their chance of mating Uniform - evenly spaced, pattern of dispersion may result from direct interactions between individuals in the pop. Some plants secrete chemicals that inhibit the germination growth of nearby individualsRead MoreRespiratory System9190 Words   |  37 Pagestermrespiration  denotes the exchange of the respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the organism and the medium in which it lives and between the cells of the body and the tissue fluid that bathes them. With the exception of energy used by animal  life  in the deep ocean, all energy used by animals is ultimately derived from the energy of  sunlight. The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in conjunction with the energy of sunlight is used by plants to synthesize sugars and other components. Animals consumeRead MorePrinciples of Natural Selection Under Darwin and Wallace are Variation, Heritability, and Reproduction2343 Words   |  9 Pagesan indispensable mechanism of evolution. First off, to have natural selection, you need diversity among a population such as genetic variation, some species are multi-colored. An example for genetic variation would be the genus delphinidae. Dolphins, pilot whales, and killer whales are all a part of the same family, however they range in colors, shapes, and names making people think they are of a different species when they are all related and have evolved into a large variety. Competition for resources

Preface to Shakespeare free essay sample

â€Å"The Preface is the impartial estimate of Shakespeare’s virtues and defects by a powerful mind†. (Halliday). Johnson’s Preface to Shakespeare is a classic of literary criticism in which he is above his political personal, religious and literary prejudices: mentions both the merits and One of the first excellence of Shakespeare, as Preface shows: â€Å"Shakespeare is above all the writers, at least above the modern writers, the poet of nature; the poet that holds up to his readers a faithful mirror if manners and life.† According to Johnson, â€Å"Shakespeare always makes nature predominate over accident†. His blend of tragedy and comedy is also nearer and more natural to life, because the mingled drama approaches nearer to life :Mingled drama m demerits of Shakespeare like a true critic; and become very honest and sincere in his estimate of Shakespeare. Johnson tests Shakespeare by the fact and experience, by the test of time, nature and universality, his defense to tragicomedy is superb and still unsurpassed; in which he has excelled his guru Dryden. He finds Shakespeare great because he holds a mirror to nature. In minimized the importance of love on the sum of life, Johnson anticipates Shaw. ay convey all the instructions of tragedy or comedy cannot be denied, because it includes both in its alternations of exhibition and approaches nearer than either to the appearance of life† Shakespeare was the originator of â€Å"the form, the character, the language and the shadows of English drama† and â€Å"opens a mine contains cold and diamonds†. â€Å"Addison speaks the language of poets, and Shakespeare of men†, thus, Shakespeare is one of the great and the original masters of the language. There are few limitations of Preface too: Johnson could not fathom the depths of Shakespeare’s poetic genius. Nor could he think of the psychological subtleties of his characterization, he was equally deaf to â€Å"the overtones of Shakespeare’s poetry at its most sublime his criticism of his perceptive powers. In the mystery of Shakespeare tragedy was beyond the reach of his common sense. No wonder then if he feels that Shakespeare was at his best in comedy†. Nevertheless these shortcomings do not mar the basic merits of his Preface which is as immortal as the plays of Shakespeare and the tests of Shakespeare provided by him are valid even today. About the excellence of Shakespeare’s plot, Johnson says, â€Å"our writer’s plots are generally borrowed from novels†, but due to his merit, â€Å"his plots, whether historical or fabulous, are always crowded with incidents, by which the attention of a rude people was most easily caught than by sentiment or argumentation†. Johnson writes, Shakespeare â€Å"knows how he should most please; and whether his practice is more agreeable to nature; or whether his example has prejudiced the nation.† He could not see â€Å"how truth may be stated myth or symbol, how The Tempest and The Winter’s Tale for instance, are more than pleasant romantic pieces; significantly, he says of the latter that with all its absurdities, it is very entertaining†. The limitations of this critical sensibility are no where prominent than in his complaint that Shakespeare â€Å"seems to write without any moral purpose†. He fails to see the hidden morals of Shakespeare’s plays; to him only the explicitly stated morals are the morals, thus, some of the most conspicuous virtues of Shakespeare, for example, his objectivity and his highly individualized treatment of his characters, are treated by Johnson as his â€Å"defects†Ã¢â‚¬â€these defects are certainly not Shakespeare’s, but Johnson’s. Shakespeare was the first playwright whose tragic as well as comic plays succeeded in providing the dramatic pleasure appropriate to them. He has given us excellent comedies â€Å"without labour which no labour can improve,† so the world prefers his comedies because they are profound and more true to nature. However, the language of his comic scenes is the language of the real life, neither gross nor refined and hence it has not gone obsolete. Early in English drama â€Å"Neither the character nor dialogues were yet understood, Shakespeare may be truly said to have introduced them both amongst us, and in some of his happier scenes to have carried them both to the utmost height†. â€Å"In my opinion†, concludes Johnson, â€Å"very few in the lines were difficult to his audience, and that he uses such expressions as were them common, though the paucity if contemporary writers makes them now seem peculiar.† His enumeration of Shakespeare in itself is a classic piece of criticism. These faults he finds are owing to two causes—(a) carelessness, (b) excess of conceit. â€Å"The details analysis of the faults†, says Raleigh, â€Å"is fine piece of criticism, and has never been seriously challenged†. Shakespeare’s obscurities arise from: 1. the careless manner of publication; 2. the shifting fashions and grammatical license of Elizabethan English; 3. the use of colloquial English; 4. the use of many allusions, the reference, etc., to topical events and personalities; 5. The rapid flow of ideas which often hurries him to a second thought before the first been fully explained. Thus, many of Shakespeare’s obscurities belong either to the age or the necessities of stagecraft and to the man. Johnson tried teaching and later organized a school in Litchfield. His educational ventures were not successful, however, although one of his students, David Garrick, later famous as an actor, became a lifelong friend. Johnson, having given up teaching, went to London to try the literary life. Thus began a long period of hack writing for the Gentlemans Magazine. He founded his own periodical, The Rambler, in which he published, between 1750 and 1752, a considerable number of eloquent, insightful essays on literature, criticism, and moral Beginning in 1747, while busy with other kinds of writing and always burdened with poverty, Johnson was also at work on a major project—compiling a dictionary commissioned by a group of booksellers. After more than eight years in preparation, the Dictionary of the English Language appeared in 1755. This remarkable work contains about 40,000 entries elucidated by vivid, idiosyncratic, still-quoted definitions and by an extraordinary range of illustrative examples. Johnson published another periodical, The Idler, between 1758 and 1760. In 1764 he and the eminent English portraitist Sir Joshua Reynolds founded the Literary Club; its membership included such luminaries as Garrick, the statesman Edmund Burke, the playwrights Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan, and a young Scottish lawyer, James Boswell. Johnsons last major work, The Lives of the English Poets, was begun in 1778, when he was nearly 70 years old, and completed—in ten volumes—in 1781. The work is a distinctive blend of biography and literary criticism. Johnsons points to remember in Preface to Shakespeare Shakespeare’s characters are a just representation of human nature as they deal with passions and principles which are common to humanity. They are also true to the age, sex, profession to which they belong and hence the speech of one cannot be put in the mouth of another. His characters are not exaggerated. Even when the agency is supernatural, the dialogue is level with life. Shakespeare’s plays are a storehouse of practical wisdom and from them can be formulated a philosophy of life. Moreover, his plays represent the different passions and not love alone. In this, his plays mirror life. Shakespeare’s use of tragic comedy: Shakespeare has been much criticized for mixing tragedy and comedy, but Johnson defends him in this. Johnson says that in mixing tragedy and comedy, Shakespeare has been true to nature, because even in real life there is a mingling of good and evil, joy and sorrow, tears and smiles etc. this may be against the classical rules, but there is always an appeal open from criticism to nature. Moreover, tragic-comedy being nearer to life combines within itself the pleasure and instruction of both tragedy and comedy. Shakespeare’s use of tragicomedy does not weaken the effect of a tragedy because it does not interrupt the progress of passions. In fact, Shakespeare knew that pleasure consisted in variety. Continued melancholy or grief is often not pleasing. Shakespeare had the power to move, whether to tears or laughter. Shakespeare’s comic genius: Johnson says that comedy came natural to Shakespeare. He seems to produce his comic scenes without much labour, and these scenes are durable and hence their popularity has not suffered with the passing of time. The language of his comic scenes is the language of real life which is neither gross nor over refined, and hence it has not grown obsolete. Shakespeare writes tragedies with great appearance of toil and study, but there is always something wanting in his tragic scenes. His tragedy seems to be skill, his comedy instinct. Johnson’s defence of Shakespeare’s use of unities: Samuel Johnson ((1709-1784) Shakespeare’s histories are neither tragedy nor comedy and hence he is not required to follow classical rules of unities. The only unity he needs to maintain in his histories is the consistency and naturalness in his characters and this he does so faithfully. In his other works, he has well maintained the unity of action. His plots have the variety and complexity of nature, but have a beginning, middle and an end, and one event is logically connected with another, and the plot makes gradual advancement towards the denouement. Shakespeare shows no regard for the unities of Time and place, and according to Johnson, these have troubled the poet more than it has pleased his audience. The observance of these unities is considered necessary to provide credibility to the drama. But, any fiction can never be real, and the audience knows this. If a spectator can imagine the stage to be Alexandria and the actors to be Antony and Cleopatra, he can surely imagine much more. Drama is a delusion, and delusion has no limits. Therefore, there is no absurdity in showing different actions in different places. As regards the unity of Time, Shakespeare says that a drama imitates successive actions, and just as they may be represented at successive places, so also they may be represented at different period, separated by several days. The only condition is that the events must be connected with each other. Johnson further says that drama moves us not because we think it is real, but because it makes us feel that the evils represented may happen to ourselves. Imitations produce pleasure or pain, not because they are mistaken for reality, but because they bring realities to mind.Therefore, unity of Action alone is sufficient, and the other two unities arise from false assumptions. Hence it is good that Shakespeare violates them. Faults of Shakespeare: Shakespeare writes without moral purpose and is more careful to please than to instruct. There is no poetic justice in his plays. This fault cannot be excused by the barbarity of his age for justice is a virtue independent of time and place. Next, his plots are loosely formed, and only a little attention would have improved them. He neglects opportunities of instruction that his plots offer, in fact, he very often neglects the later parts of his plays and so his catastrophes often seem forced and improbable. There are many faults of chronology and many anachronisms in his play. His jokes are often gross and licentious. In his narration, there is much pomp of diction and circumlocution. Narration in his dramas is often tedious. His set speeches are cold and weak. They are often verbose and too large for thought. Trivial ideas are clothed in sonorous epithets. He is too fond of puns and quibbles which engulf him in mire. For a pun, he sacrifices reason, propriety and truth.He often fails at moments of great excellence. Some contemptible conceit spoils the effect of his pathetic and tragic scenes. Merits of Shakespeare: He perfected the blank verse, imparted to it diversity and flexibility and brought it nearer to the language of prose.

Cause and Effect of Human Trafficking free essay sample

Humans are highly profitable as forced labourer (Polaris Japan, 2012). Forced labour is an all work service which is exhausted from any person under cruelty, where the individual is unwilling to perform voluntarily (C29 Forced Labour Convention, 1930). Major forms of forced labourer are commercial sexual exploitations and forced economical exploitations. Commercial sexual exploitations include prostitution and pornography, while economical exploitations cover manual labour. These trades generate an estimated 31. 6 billion dollars with industrialized economies contributing 49% of the grand total (Besler Patrick, 2005). High demands play a crucial role. When people are willing to buy sex, they create a market for traffickers to sexually exploit; when consumers buys services from forced labour industries, labour traffickers gain a profit incentive. Human trafficking is a low risk trade. People are ignorant to trafficking, institutions are not trained to respond, laws are ineffective to address the crime, victims have no safety nets and when the law does not prosecute the crime, traffickers perceive little risks to affect their operations. We will write a custom essay sample on Cause and Effect of Human Trafficking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Country permitting prostitution like Germany, often had human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitations concealed even to the eyes of the law enforcer for prostitution is deemed normal and tolerated. Every 800 people trafficked, only one person was convicted in 2006 (US State Department, 2007), the other traffickers were sentenced to little or no jail time, marring the power of the law that failed to prosecute them, for example in Uzbekistan (United States Mission, 2005) The mind set of society plays an important role. There are people living in poverty. The desires for people to leave poverty for consumer products and higher living standards has forced many household to devise survival strategies that have included migrating for work and makes them vulnerable to the conmen of trafficking that rents out that persons labour to pay off a debt or loan, also known as debt bondage (William Finnegan, 2008). There is a special evil in the abuse and exploitation of the most innocent and vulnerable (George W. Bush n. d. ). The seeds of evil planted have grown in the tree that affects us all. Not only us or the victims, but every human alike. Human trafficking has not only given rise to the increase in global health risk, it fuels international crimes and it violates human rights. Victims of human trafficking have gone through hell. Relentless anxiety, insecurity, fear and physical pain and injury caused by the abuse of the trafficker in forms of rape, torture or threat (Paloma Pineda, 2011) will have significant effects on the mental health and well-being of trafficked victims (Lunde Ortmann, 1992). Symptoms of psychological trauma reported by trafficked persons include post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, alienation and disorientation. Studies indicate that trauma worsens throughout the duration of the trafficking process This clearly shows the effects of trafficking on global health risks. Human trafficking fuels international crime. Every time there is trafficking you have mass corruption, there is document fraud and there are corrupted cops, officials and custom agents looking the other way (Austein Michelle, 2007). The traffickers often collaborate with corrupt officials in order to facilitate the transportation process (Labour Rights Promotion Network, 2007). In Nigeria for example, with numerous checkpoints throughout the border provinces, it would be quite a challenge if not impossible to transport trafficked workers to the workplace successfully without help from corrupt officials. The forms of collaboration can be paying bribes, but in some cases officials have been known to partner with or lead these operations (West Africa Review, n. d. ). Human trafficking violates human rights. Articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) declares that everybody have the right to be free from torture, free from slavery, free to live life. Human trafficking violates the right to be free from torture. 95% of victims experiences physical or sexual violence during trafficking (The London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine, 2006). It violates the right to live as it controls victims forcing them to live a live as slaves Human trafficking is the opium of society. It leads to degradation of society as it raises global crime and health risks. The public should be educated to observe the signs of trafficking. The law should be reform so that trafficking can no longer be concealed. Finally, the people should work closely with the government to reduce the demand through new approaches toward all forms of exploitations through trafficking. References: (Austein Michelle, 2007. Human Trafficking: A Human Rights Violation and Security Risks,Washington: Washington Files) (Besler Patrick, 2005. Forced Labour and Human Trafficking: Estimating the Profits, Geneva:International Labour Office.